Biohacked… to death? 5 wellness trends with potentially lethal consequences

Controversial wellness therapies are popular among certain groups of patients, such as biohackers, celebrities, and other self-identified “health gurus.”

While alternative therapies often promise improved mental and physical health, they can carry significant risks (sometimes even death).^[]

Here are five such therapies that carry more health harms than benefits.

1. Colon cleansing

Colon cleansing (or colon irrigation) is an ancient practice, and it involves "flushing" the colon to remove waste from the body. It is often considered beneficial based on the belief that allowing a buildup of waste in the colon is harmful to overall health. 

While some individuals report feeling less bloated afterward, the practice can be dangerous if done improperly—or too frequently.

2. Extreme fasting 

Extreme fasting, or water fasting, has gained popularity in wellness circles, where individuals often turn to it in hopes of boosting metabolism, achieving rapid weight loss, or even enhancing longevity.

Unlike intermittent fasting, however, it can be highly dangerous, especially when not supervised by a healthcare provider. 

This kind of fasting involves prolonged periods without eating (sometimes over several days). It carries several severe risks, including nutrient deficiencies that can lead to malnutrition, muscle wasting, and organ failure.

In a subreddit devoted to proponents of extreme fasting, much of the discussion among patients centers on calling out doctors who have recommended against fasting—with many patients noting that they don't believe doctors receive enough training on nutrition during medical school. "I see that as the biggest flaw in medical schools," wrote user @Throw13579. "Good nutrition is the most important component of good health and prevents many diseases, and medial schools barely even mention it."

In response, a doctor on Reddit, @jdogtor, wrote, “I can tell you nutrition is definitely not prioritized or focused much in medical school in training. That's why it's important for us to coordinate patient care with nutritionists. It's important that you find a doctor who is open minded and is willing to hear your side of what works for you."

3. Detoxes

“Detox programs" are often promoted by social media influencers looking to sell products—such as detox teas and supplements that are suggested to result in rapid weight loss. However, related health claims frequently lack any scientific backing, and such programs can pose serious risks. 

One significant danger is liver damage, which can progress to liver failure. Additionally, detox products can harm the kidneys, causing dehydration and potentially leading to kidney failure. The unregulated herbs and chemicals, such as cascara sagrada and kava, in many detox products can also be toxic in high doses.^[][][]

While patients may feel the urge to undergo detox programs due to concerns about things like heavy metal consumption through their food, they may need to be reminded that the body already has natural detoxification processes that are part of regular organ function.^[][]

4. Ozone therapy

Ozone therapy is a medical treatment that involves introducing ozone gas into the body through inhalation, injection, or rectal insufflation to address a range of conditions. Proponents claim it can help treat arthritis, combat viral diseases like HIV and AIDS, and even target certain cancers. 

5. Cryotherapy 

While exposure to extreme cold can offer benefits when done in moderation, it can lead to serious consequences when taken to extremes.

One major risk is hypothermia, which occurs when the body is exposed to very low temperatures for extended periods. Frostbite is another concern, particularly in exposed areas of the body. Additionally, individuals with underlying heart conditions are at increased risk of sudden cardiac arrest following extreme cold exposure. ^[]