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Fish, vitamin D, and flavonoids in relation to renal cell cancer among smokers
American Journal of Epidemiology, 08/04/09
Wilson RT et al. – In a trial to assess the risk of renal cell cancer (RCC) in the Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study (1985–2002), these results suggest that the flavonoid quercetin may prevent RCC among male smokers. The possible risk associated with fish intake warrants further investigation before conclusions may be drawn.
Methods- At enrollment, demographic, health, and dietary history information was recorded.
- Individuals who smoked <5 cigarettes/day, with chronic renal insufficiency or prior cancer, were excluded.
- Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals from Cox regression were used to compare upper quartiles (quartiles 2–4) with the lowest quartile (quartile 1) of dietary intake.
- Among 228 cases, risk (quartile 4 vs 1) was associated with consumption of the flavonoid quercetin and Baltic herring, with adjustment for age, body mass index, smoking, blood pressure, alcohol use, physical activity, urban residence, and education.
- In geographically stratified models, risks associated with herring and total fish intake appeared to be highest in the urban coast region, although interaction was not statistically significant.
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