Hammwohner M et al. - Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia. Due to the limited efficacy and significant side effects of antiarrhythmic drugs, much effort has been made to develop alternative pharmacologic treatments for AF. Novel approaches include new antiarrhythmic drugs and novel drug targets involved in molecular, proarrhythmogenic, atrial remodeling. Furthermore, novel anticoagulants are now clinically studied.