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Vitamins E and C in the prevention of prostate and total cancer in men: The Physicians Health Study II Randomized Controlled Trial
JAMA, 12/12/08

Gaziano JM et al. – A large, long-term trial of male physicians shows that supplementation with neither vitamin E nor C reduced prostate or total cancer risk in middle-aged and older men.

Methods

Study of whether long-term vitamin E or C supplementation decreases risk of prostate and total cancer events among men
Physicians' Health Study II: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled factorial trial of vitamins E and C from 1997-August 31, 2007
Enrollment of 14,641 male US physicians initially age ≥50 ys, including 1307 men with history of prior cancer at entry
Intervention: individual supplements; vitamin E (400 IU/every other day); vitamin C (500 mg/day)
Main outcome measures: Prostate cancer and total cancer

Results

Mean follow-up of 8 yrs: 1008 confirmed incident cases of prostate cancer; 1943 total cancers
No effect on prostate or total cancer incidence for vitamin E vs placebo
No significant effect of vitamin C on prostate or total cancer
Neither vitamin E nor vitamin C had a significant effect on colorectal, lung, or other site-specific cancers
Findings remained after adjustment for adherence and exclusion of first 4 or 6 yrs of follow-up
Stratification by cancer risk factors had no significant modification of effect of vitamin E on prostate cancer risk or either supplement on total cancer risk

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