Gao L et al. - To control the interaction among drugs and to modulate the interaction among the tumor, patient and drugs, the authors suggest that combined therapy for Western medicine might include 4 constituents, i.e., primary, cooperative, adjuvant and modulatory constituent. Cytotoxic drugs frequently are used as primary and cooperative constituents, whereas biological response modifiers and biochemical modulators are usually regarded respectively as adjuvant drugs and modulatory constituents. The authors believe these new concepts may be helpful for the aim of appropriately designing, evaluating or providing combination therapy.