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Schwartz AV - Bone strength is generally increased with larger body size and hyperinsulinemia. Features of T2DM that lead to increased bone fragility are not clearly understood but are likely to include hyperglycemia. Higher levels of glucose result in the accumulation of AGEs. In addition, hyperglycemia may have direct and indirect effects on osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts resulting in weaker bone. Treatment of T2DM may have generally favorable effects on bone through improvements in glycemic control. However, use of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) in particular causes increased fracture risk in women, due to decreased bone formation and increased bone loss.

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